（C）程序规则，框架说明是可提供的，以及所有内容，包括纸张，报告，调查。

诽谤性不等于损害后果，严重诽谤性也不等于严重的损害后果。发抒性言辞旨在表达内心的感受、情绪、态度等。

就诽谤罪而言，动机、手段、影响都不宜列为诽谤罪的定罪情节。[8]所以，刑法有关诽谤罪的规定旨在惩罚损人名誉之谣言的始作俑者。在信息广泛分散的情况下，公民的批评可以使许多权力滥用和腐败行为浮出水面，为公众进而为法定监督机构所关注。为了保障公民有效地行使他们所拥有的批评权利，宪法第27条第2款还施加国家机关和国家机关工作人员倾听人民的意见和建议，接受人民的监督的积极义务。普通公民经常处于国家权力的支配之下，是国家管理的对象，甚至就像卢梭夸张的说法一样，等于零。

进而言之，严格地解释第246条的原文，社会秩序与国家利益之间是和字而不是或字，说明只有当诽谤行为同时严重危害社会秩序和国家利益，才可对之提起刑事公诉。问题还要从内部的根源处去解决。第一类和第三类申请者中，小型的信息公开申请是免费的。

申请费用的决定和费用减免的决定是两个独立而且不同的决定。如果没有的话，申请人可以查询诸如联邦政府守则一样的政府目录[12]。（2）每个机构发布的规则都可以提供给公共进行检查及复制---（A）案件判决当中的最终意见，包括支持和反对的意见，以及命令。第二种是机关的行政手册如果公开可能会导致利用法律和机关规章的欺诈行为。

[13]所有的机关都在《信息自由法》规则中详细描述了申请的程序。请提供任何基于《信息自由法》的补充资料。

另外，《信息自由法》可以用来查找《隐私权法》规定免于公开的信息。（2）各机关应通过计算机远程通讯手段或通过其他电子手段向公众公布该报告。（ii）符合机关公布的法规中规定的时间、地点、费用（如果有的话）和应当遵守的程序。（2）文件及其他在本法律中使用的与信息有关的名词，是指机关所保持的符合本法律要求的各种格式（包括电子格式）的任何信息。

豁免并不适用于所有的机密文件，仅仅适用于机密档案，并且其存在时已定为机密的档案。[14]1996年的《信息自由法》修正案的新的回复要求于1997年10月2日生效。同时，如果公众要求公开全套文件，政府部门不能仅提供部门文件。[21]涉及到《信息自由法》和《隐私权法》司法审查的更多的规定可以在2004年的《联邦政府公开法》（电子信息隐私中心）中查找到。

该指导原则可以在以下链接中找到：40 Federal Register 28948-78 (July 9, 1975), available at www.whitehouse.gov/omb/inforeg/implementation--guidelines.pdf.[29]默示的保密承诺和明示的保密承诺重复出现于《隐私权法》的特殊例外中。这要求信息公开申请要具体到能够让该机关的相关工作人员在一个合理的时间内锁定到该档案。

（3）依照本法律及美国法典第44篇第35章法律而制定的可从本机关获取的各种类型的公共信息指南。对该申请的拒绝处理，本人提出上诉。

这样以来，申请者在申请费过高时可以修改或者撤销申请。个人包括个人，合伙或者公司。适用本豁免之前需要满足三种特别要求。但是其可以通过《信息自由法》要求公开关于其自己的信息。虽然政府法规有详细的程序解释，但是这不代表该程序不复杂。该申请最好可以要求一份在他所居住的城市，郡或者州有毒废物囤积地点的名单。

这意味着该机关只需要调查已经存在的档案或者应《信息自由法》要求的文件。审查费用不应包括解决依据本法律处理公众信息申请过程中引起的法律或政策问题的任何成本费用。

并且不需要通过律师提交申请。明知并且故意以虚假身份申请《隐私权法》信息公开的，属于刑事犯罪。

《隐私权法》同时建立了对于联邦机关的总的档案管理要求。对与第三类申请者收取的费用限于文件的复印和检索费用，不包括审查费用。

该修改权仅限于受《隐私权法》管辖的档案。（4）商业秘密和从个人处所得到的应保密的商业或金融信息。一直以来各个机关对于申请都是按照先到，先出的原则。这部法律推定要求被公开的信息都应该公开除非政府的有关部门可以根据法律的规定不公开的例外来证明有关的信息不能公开。

这项原则不是联邦政府公开信息的原则。在这种情况下，政府必须告知曾经接受过该项档案披露的相对人该项更正。

机关可以依照其具体规章制度决定是否符合特殊需求。政府机构必须在30日内（不包括周六，周日，及法定假日），决定是否支持对拒绝申请修改的上诉，除非政府机构有理由要求延期。

有些机关会重复印制所有的系统通知。因为档案在判定是否豁免前就已经定为机密，机关没有实际上的拒绝公开档案的权利。

食品行业中的食谱就是一种典型的商业机密。为了避免这一问题，1996年的修正案确立了三种档案豁免。（D）向（3）小节中任何个体发布的正式和非正式的档案，因为种类的问题，机构的决定成为了或者很有可能成为后来答复的内容。1972House Committee on Government Operations. Records Maintained By Government Agencies. Hearings, 92nd Congress, 2d Session. 1972.1974House Committee on Government Operations. Access to Records. Hearings, 93rd Congress, 2d Session. 1974.House Committee on Government Operations. Federal Information Systems and Plans--Federal Use and Development of Advanced Information Technology. Hearings, 93rd Congress, 1st and 2d Sessions. 1973-1974.House Committee on Government Operations. Privacy Act of 1974. H. Rept. 93-1416, 93rd Congress, 2d Session. 1974.Senate Committee on Government Operations. Protecting Individual Privacy in Federal Gathering, Use and Disclosure of Information. S. Rept. 93-1183, 93rd Congress, 2d Session. 1974.Senate Committee on Government Operations. Materials Pertaining to S. 3418 and Protecting Individual Privacy in Federal Gathering, Use and Disclosure of Information. Committee print, 93rd Congress, 2d Session. 1974.Senate Committee on Government Operations and Committee on the Judiciary. Privacy: The Collection, Use, and Computerization of Personal Data. Joint hearings, 93rd Congress, 2d Session. 1974.Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Federal Data Banks and Constitutional Rights. Summary. Committee print, 93rd Congress, 2d Session. 1974.Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Federal Data Banks and Constitutional Rights. Committee print, 93rd Congress, 2d Session. 1974. 6 v.1975House Committee on Government Operations. Central Intelligence Agency Exemption in the Privacy Act of 1974. Hearings, 94th Congress, 1st Session. 1975.House Committee on Government Operations. Implementation of the Privacy Act of 1974: Data Banks. Hearing, 94th Congress, 1st Session. 1975.1976House Committee on Government Operations. Notification to Victims of Improper Intelligence Agency Activities. Hearings, 94th Congress, 2d Session. 1976.Senate Committee on Government Operations and House Committee onGovernment Operations. Legislative History of the Privacy Act of 1974, S. 3418 (Public Law 93-579): Source Book on Privacy. Joint committee print, 94th Congress, 2d Session. 1976.1977Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs and House Committee on Government Operations. Final Report of the Privacy Protection StudyCommission. Joint hearing, 95th Congress, 1st Session. 1977.1978House Committee on Government Operations. Privacy and Confidentiality Report and Final Recommendations of the Commission on Federal Paperwork. Hearing, 95th Congress, 1st Session. 1978.House Committee on Government Operations. Right to Privacy Proposals of the Privacy Protection Study Commission. Hearings, 95th Congress, 2d Session. 1978.1980House Committee on Government Operations. Federal Privacy of Medical Information Act. H. Rept 96-832 Part 1, 96th Congress, 2d Session. 1980.House Committee on Government Operations. Privacy of Medical Records. Hearings, 96th Congress, 1st Session. 1980.House Committee on Government Operations. Public Reaction to Privacy Issues. Hearing, 96th Congress, 1st Session. 1980.House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Federal Privacy of Medical Information Act. H. Rept 96-832 Part 2, 96th Congress, 2d Session. 1980.House Committee on Ways and Means. Description and Brief Analysis of H.R. 5935, Federal Privacy of Medical Information Act. Committee print, 96th Congress, 2d Session. 1980.House Committee on Ways and Means. Federal Privacy of Medical Information Act. Hearing, 96th Congress, 2d Session. 1980.House Committee on Ways and Means. Federal Privacy of Medical Information Act, H.R. 5935. Committee print, 96th Congress, 2d Session. 1980.1981House Committee on Government Operations. Confidentiality of Insurance Records. Hearings, 96th Congress, 1st and 2d Sessions. 1981.House Committee on Government Operations. Debt Collection Act of 1981. Hearing, 97th Congress, 1st Session. 1981.House Committee on Government Operations. Privacy Act Amendments. H. Rept. 97-147 Part 1, 97th Congress, 1st Session. 1981.1983House Committee on Government Operations. Oversight of the Privacy Act of 1974. Hearings, 98th Congress, 1st Session. 1983.House Committee on Government Operations. Who Cares About Privacy?Oversight of the Privacy Act of 1974 by the Office of Management and Budget and by the Congress. H. Rept. 98-455, 98th Congress, 1st Session. 1983.Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs. Oversight of Computer Matching to Detect Fraud and Mismanagement in Government Programs. Hearings, 97th Congress, 2d Session. 1983.1984House Committee on Government Operations. Privacy and 1984: PublicOpinions on Privacy Issues. Hearing, 98th Congress, 1st Session. 1984.Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs. Computer Matching: Taxpayer Records. Hearing, 98th Congress, 2d Session. 1984.1986Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs. Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act of 1986. Hearing, 99th Congress, 2d Session. 1986.1987House Committee on Government Operations. Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act of 1987. Hearing, 100th Congress, 1st Session. 1987.1988House Committee on Government Operations. Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act of 1988. H. Rept. 100-802, 100th Congress, 2d Session. 1988.1990House Committee on Government Operations. Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Amendments of 1990. Hearing, 101st Congress, 2d Session. 1990.House Committee on Government Operations. Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Amendments of 1990. H. Rept. 101-768, 101st Congress, 2d Session. 1990.House Committee on Government Operations. Data Protection, Computers, and Changing Information Practices. Hearing, 101st Congress, 2d Session. 1990.1991House Committee on Government Operations. Domestic and International Data Protection Issues. Hearing, 102d Congress, 1st Session. 1991.1992House Committee on Government Operations. Designing Genetic Information Policy: The Need for an Independent Policy Review of the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of the Human Genome Project. H. Rept. 102-478, 102d Congress, 2d Session. 1992.2000House Committee on Government Reform. H.R. 4049, To Establish the Commission for the Comprehensive Study of Privacy Protection. Hearing, 106th Congress, 2d Session. 2000.House Committee on Government Reform. H.R. 220, The Freedom and Privacy Restoration Act. Hearing, 106th Congress, 2d Session. 2000.House Committee on Government Reform. The Privacy Act and the Presidency. Hearing, 106th Congress, 2d Session. 2000.附录4. 国会以外有关如何适用《信息自由法》和《隐私权法》之书目选（Appendix 4. Select Bibliography of Non-Congressional Materials on Using the Freedom of Information Act and Privacy Act of 1974）注：以下资料每隔一段时间可能被更新或出版新的版本，所以以下书目是在本《指南》更新时已有的最新版。

个人为了个人用途、非商业用途而搜寻信息。行政当局应采取特别律师建议的矫正措施。

这一要求避免了机关保留秘密档案系统。附录 1 有一个《隐私权法》申请的范例。

该检索过程中可能会由于打印或者保存而产生新的档案。机密的标准是由总统而不是《信息自由法》或者其他法律所决定的。

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